Dark spots on human skin: causes and treatment

What causes age spots on men's bodies?

Pigment spots appear on a woman’s face and body much more often than on a man.

Some men are not at all concerned about this problem, but everyone is interested in knowing why a pigment spot appears. You can safely get rid of this problem; it can be eliminated on almost any part of the body. An age spot usually appears because the skin is very thin.

It is known that thick skin is less susceptible to ultraviolet radiation and, accordingly, pigment spots appear on it less often. In men, the most susceptible parts of the body are the face, arms, neck, and less often legs. Often small light brown spots form on the head. This happens to bald men if they do not cover their heads with a Panama hat in the summer. It is recommended to protect yourself from the occurrence of pigment formations. There are many lotions available today that help protect sensitive areas of the body. They can be purchased at any pharmacy. These products will also help protect the skin from various types of irritations.

Brown spots on the neck: causes and signs of appearance

Brown pigment spots on the neck cause some discomfort. Due to the fact that the neck is an open area of ​​skin, the appearance of spots can have many different causes. It is necessary to distinguish between brown birthmarks on the neck - genetic manifestations and possible causes of pathologies.

Pigmentation on the neck is caused by:

1. Hypovitaminosis;
2. Ascorbic acid deficiency;
3. Exposure to sunlight;
4. Hypermelanosis of the skin;
5. Hereditary predisposition.

In addition, formations may appear due to:

1. Neurofibromatosis. In this case, the symptoms are complemented by soft pinkish nodular formations and deformation of the bone structure. If such signs are observed, then you should contact a doctor immediately. As a consequence of the pathology, symptoms of partial deafness, blindness, and a feeling of pressure in the back may appear. The disease is hereditary and requires mandatory treatment.
2. If brown spots appear without changing the structure of the skin, this may be evidence of vitiligo, incomplete albinism.

The appearance of dark or red spots on the neck for no apparent reason (burns, bites) should alert the patient. If in case of a lack of vitamins it is enough to change the diet, and in case of hypermelanosis, protect the skin from the sun, then hormonal imbalances, lichen and viral diseases require a careful diagnosis and immediate initiation of treatment.

What causes pigment spots to appear on the male body?

Among the reasons why spots appear on the face in men are prolonged exposure to the sun, kidney and gallbladder diseases, diseases of the endocrine system, experiencing emotional turmoil, taking medications, poor diet and improper skin care. Men, like women, strive to be attractive.

In order to cure dark spots on the face and other pigmentation, many salon techniques are used, such as ultrasound, mesotherapy. To eliminate pigmentation on the face and neck, peelings are often used, but the concentration of acids in this case must be high. The age spot itself is not dangerous, but to achieve aesthetic beauty of the body it is recommended to eliminate it in the safest way. It is important to get advice from an experienced cosmetologist and dermatologist.

What to do if spots appear on the neck

So, you have spots on your neck - the causes and treatment need to be determined based on the characteristics of your body. If you have any hereditary diseases or diseases of internal organs, it makes sense to undergo a clinical examination and only after an accurate diagnosis begin treatment.

At the same time, you need to start using such creams not in the summer, but in the beginning of spring. Apply a thin layer of sunscreen to your neck every time you go outside. You can also use various whitening masks and lotions. Lotions with lemon juice are good for whitening the skin. To do this, take a piece of gauze or bandage, soak the cloth in lemon juice and wipe the pigmented areas on the neck. If the pigmentation is extensive, you can apply a cloth soaked in juice to the spots on the neck for 20 minutes. A mask made from cucumber pulp is good for whitening the skin.

Solutions to the problem

It is important to know how to eliminate pigment spots. In order to overcome this problem, you need to contact a specialist. The doctor should prescribe medications that reduce the production of melanin, the coloring pigment. It should be remembered that these medications are not recommended to be taken without a doctor’s prescription.

In case of an overdose, the opposite effect may occur and pigmentation will spread to the neck, arms and entire body. This point is very important to take into account. Among salon procedures, phototherapy and cryotherapy are also used to eliminate pigmentation. In order for these techniques to have maximum impact, it is necessary to ensure that the skin receives sufficient nutrition and does not suffer from a lack of vitamins. The use of lotions, creams, and emulsions plays a special role. It is important that the funds suit you one hundred percent.

Treatment of age spots

Treatment of skin pigmentation that appears as brown spots. You should know that the manifestation of any type of pigmentation on the skin is a sign that not everything is in order with your health. Therefore, you should not start cosmetic self-medication, but need to see specialists - a therapist, endocrinologist and gynecologist, who in turn will refer you for the required examination where the cause of pigmentation will be determined. Treatment of age spots involves treating the main cause of this cosmetic defect. And only after completing a course of drug treatment prescribed by a doctor, you can begin cosmetic treatment to discolor and eliminate this defect.

For cosmetic treatment, the most effective are chemical peeling and mesotherapy. After undergoing medical and cosmetic treatment for this disease, as a rule, the skin condition returns to normal. To ensure the effectiveness of cosmetic treatment, you can whiten your skin at home; a strawberry mask works especially well for this.

But, to prevent the appearance of age spots on the skin, it is important to carry out prevention, which consists primarily of protecting the skin from ultraviolet rays; for this, you should use sun protective cosmetics, regardless of the season. And of course, this means timely correction of diseases. And then problems such as skin with altered pigmentation will not arise.

Always stay healthy, eat right, protect yourself from the sun and stress, and then, regardless of your age, you will always be beautiful!

Diagnosis of skin spots

Pigment spots on the skin in the neck area can be removed only after a reliable cause has been established and a medical examination has been carried out.

Pigmentation is treated by a dermatologist, but if necessary, consultation may be required with:

The main danger of age spots is the possibility of their degeneration into a malignant formation. Therefore, if the spot bleeds, itches, hurts or tingles, you should consult a specialist as soon as possible. In some cases, a biopsy is prescribed, during which part of the tissue is taken for examination.

General tests will help determine the cause of age spots:

• blood analysis;
• general urine analysis;
• biochemistry;
• ultrasonography.

After making a diagnosis, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment taking into account the underlying cause and nature of the pigmentation.

Types of dark spots

Pigmentation on the skin in the form of dark spots can be of different types. Now we will look at the most common of them.

Toxic reticular melanosis

This pathological condition occurs in individuals whose activities involve prolonged contact with:

• oil;
• resin;
• oil;
• tar;
• coal.

These products lead to poisoning of the body, which is manifested by the appearance of dark spots. In addition, there will be a violation of the general condition of the person.

Becker's nevus

This nevus should be understood as a dark-colored spot with uneven edges. Most often it is diagnosed in representatives of the stronger half of humanity aged 10 to 15 years, although it is no exception in female representatives.

These dark spots are most often localized on the legs, chest and back. A characteristic feature is that they tend to grow; their size can reach 20 cm in diameter.

As for the reasons for its appearance, they have not been fully studied. Scientists are inclined to believe that their appearance is associated with hormonal changes in the male body.

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Arsenic melanosis

The formation of this pathological condition is associated with taking medications that are made on the basis of arsenic, this can be:

• Novareslon;
• Miarsenol;
• Osarol.

Similar gray spots on the skin can also form in those people whose professional activities involve contact with arsenic.

Dubreuil's melanosis

Black spots on the skin of a person of this type are classified as precancerous conditions; they are characterized by the absence of a regular shape and raised above the surface of the epidermis. At the initial stages they are small in size, but over time they increase in size, change color and reach 10 cm in diameter.

These dark spots are most often localized on the back; their surface can be rough and covered with papular elements, which causes itching. If a dark spot on your back itches, you should definitely consult a doctor, because this may indicate cancer.

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Acanthosis nigricans

This disease is rarely diagnosed; it can have both a malignant and benign course. The main characteristic feature is black spots on the skin. Favorite localizations are:

• folds between the neck and back of the head;
• areas under the mammary glands;
• intergluteal area;
• popliteal cavities;
• armpits;
• groin area.

Rapid progression of spots indicates that the disease is malignant. Most often this process can lead to:

• dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
• use of hormonal drugs;
• oncological diseases;
• heredity.

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Urticaria pigmentosa

This pathological condition is most often diagnosed in childhood and is characterized by the appearance of dark red spots on the body. Over time, they take on the appearance of bubbles and are filled with exudate, in some cases blood. After opening, brown spots remain on the body, which disappear without outside help during puberty.

If the disease is diagnosed in adults, it has an unfavorable course and can cause disability or death.

As for the reasons that lead to black spots appearing on the body, they have not been fully elucidated, but scientists are inclined to think that pigmentation is formed as a result of:

• the negative impact of prolonged emotional and stressful situations;
• immune defense disorders;
• climate change;
• inflammatory processes in the body caused by infection.

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Lentigo

This condition is characterized by the appearance of dark spots on the neck, arms, back and legs, their size does not exceed a few centimeters, and their appearance resembles moles.

Pigmentation can degenerate into melanoma, this usually happens due to frequent trauma.

Dark, dry patches on the skin appear more often as a result of:

• decreased immunity;
• influence of papillomavirus;
• AIDS;
• sunburn;
• hormonal imbalance;
• prolonged exposure to direct sunlight.

The formation of spots is observed, which have clear boundaries and a uniform color. Dark dry patches on the skin can be localized on any part of the human body.

Research data indicates that these spots appear as a result of individual characteristics of a person.

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Treatment options

You can get rid of age spots using the following methods:

1. Cosmetology procedures;
2. Bleaching agents;
3. Folk remedies.

Among professional cosmetology procedures, the following are very popular:

• laser resurfacing;
• mesotherapy;
• cryotherapy;
• whitening cosmetics;
• chemical peels (glycolic, almond);
• skin phototherapy.

The safest and most effective is laser therapy, which involves removing the surface layer of the epidermis with a laser beam. The laser can have an effect at any depth, so it helps to get rid of various age spots.

With the help of mesotherapy, you can achieve skin rejuvenation and eliminate age spots. The essence of this method is to introduce a medicinal substance or meso-cocktail into certain layers of the skin by injection. After the procedure, skin tone improves, acne disappears and metabolic processes are activated.

Treatment with liquid nitrogen or cryotherapy also helps to get rid of many skin defects and solve the problem of pigmentation. Under the influence of liquid nitrogen, the top layer of skin cells is removed along with the stain, and new cells are formed under it.

Chemical peeling has a similar effect, during which you can get rid of old pigmentation and even the deepest wrinkles. Complications may arise after such a procedure, so you need to properly prepare for the procedure and behave correctly during the rehabilitation period.

Whitening cosmetics also help to effectively cope with the problem of age spots on the neck or other parts of the body. To do this, it is enough to choose a good whitening cream that will reduce the activity of melanin pigment and lighten pigmentation. Before buying a lightening agent, you should make sure that there is no allergic reaction to its components.

The whitening cream may contain:

• azelaic acid;
• hydroquinone;
• melanozyme;
• arbutin;
• retinol (vitamin A);
• vitamin C;
• kojic acid.

The cream should be applied only to pigmented areas of the skin in a thin layer. Sunscreen will help protect your skin from the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation after treatment, which should be used before each time you go outside.

How to get rid of it?

Depending on the different reasons that cause dark spots, methods to eliminate them also vary from cosmetic creams to dermatological products and procedures. Some of the common methods include:

Retinoids

They are used mainly by women to reduce dark spots in the décolleté area. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that are added to many lightening creams or serums. Such products can be purchased in stores or pharmacies. To make the décolleté area attractive, the first steps will be to use sunscreen with SPF 30 and a moisturizer rich in vitamins B5, C and E. It is also important to include foods containing Omega-3 components and antioxidants.

Benzoyl peroxide

Cream with benzoyl peroxide is indispensable in the fight against bacteria that cause acne. It eliminates foci of infection, after which the dead layers of the epidermis are peeled off, therefore, the problem of dark spots is eliminated.

Mandelic acid

To eliminate the causes of acne, you should also use creams, shampoos and shower gels that contain vindal acid.

Surgery

If birthmarks or moles cause discomfort and anxiety, then the question of how to get rid of them should be addressed to a dermatologist. If the tumor is suspected of being malignant, it will be removed. Under no circumstances should benign moles or birthmarks be removed surgically, since, in addition to the risk that this injury carries, unsightly scars remain at the site.

Laser therapy

Laser treatment for dark spots on the neck and chest will undoubtedly require several sessions to successfully get rid of them. This procedure does not leave any damage to the skin, however, several important issues must first be considered regarding the financial costs involved, side effects and the sensations that the patient experiences during the treatment.

Manual peeling or microdermabrasion

To get rid of dark spots or remove scars after eliminating acne, modern cosmetology uses cosmetics containing low concentrations of salicylic acid (no more than 3%). They are very effective at cleansing the thin layer of skin and can help reduce dark spots.

Dermabrasion

Once you've realized that exfoliating with scrubs isn't very effective at removing dark spots, you may be tempted to visit a dermatologist or plastic surgeon to get a little dermabrasion done. This is due to the fact that dark spots lie in the deeper layers of the skin.

What are the causes of pigment spots in the neck area and how to cure them?

• Causes of Solar lentigo
• Malignant melanoma
• Acanthosis nigricans

Our skin's natural protective reaction to sunlight is the formation of melanin. This is a dark brown pigment that is found in the upper layers of the epidermis, namely in special cells - melanocytes. It is responsible for a dark complexion; people with fair skin have less of it. The skin of people of the Negroid race has the most melanin. Often, in response to an inadequate dose of ultraviolet radiation (staying in the active sun at lunchtime, excessive tanning in a solarium, neglecting UV protection measures), reactive hyperplasia of melanocytes occurs. Simply put, this is an uncontrolled increase in their number. As a result, age spots appear on the neck, face, arms and other open areas of the body. These persistent lesions can occur after one bad episode of tanning.

However, there are other reasons for the appearance of age spots. In this article you will receive information about what types of pigmentation that occurs on the neck are, what to do with them and how to avoid them. You will also learn about the rules for recognizing malignant pigment spots on the neck, which everyone should know.

Red spots on the neck

Local redness of skin areas may be accompanied by itching and peeling. It should be noted that formations in adults and children are not always the result of pathological processes. In some cases, manifestations indicate psychosomatic factors and allergic reactions. Only a specialist can determine the exact cause of the appearance.

Anxiety does not cause redness from rubbing or mosquito bites; in all other cases, it is better to consult a dermatologist or immunologist. It is prohibited to independently eliminate pigmentation on the neck, which is itchy and accompanied by rashes in the form of plaques and blisters with liquid, so as not to increase the risk of complications.

There are different external and internal factors in the manifestation of red spots on the neck. External ones include:

• Stress, anxiety (if the spots have not appeared before, you need to be examined by a specialist - external reactions may indicate disorders of the central nervous system);
• Physical impact in the form of rubbing, bites, sunburn;
• Intertrigo;
• Allergic reactions.

• Atopic dermatitis;
• Psoriasis;
• Infectious diseases: measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever;
• Eczema;
• Photodermatosis;
• Hives;
• Lichen;
• Hemangioma (benign tumor).

In women, a red spot on the neck can often appear during the period of hormonal changes in the body (menopause). In any case, only a qualified specialist can name the exact cause of the formations.

Additional manifestations of diseases depend on the cause of the disease. If these are psychosomatic factors, then there are no symptoms, pigmentation on the neck does not cause inconvenience. Sometimes there is itching, but it passes quickly and is not of high intensity. But when red formations are a sign of dermatological pathology, the following symptoms appear:

1. Localization extends not only to the neck, but also to the head, body, spots become covered with crusts or plaques;
2. Pigmented areas transform into bubbles with liquid;
3. Local formations peel off and become wet.

Sometimes the picture is complemented by a burning sensation, unbearable itching, and the formation of a border around the pigmented area of ​​the skin. The temperature may rise, weakness, and a feeling of general malaise may appear.

Important! Allergies can also produce severe symptoms. The main distinguishing feature of allergen exposure is that the symptoms do not have a long-lasting effect, even with severe severity, the exacerbation quickly passes. As exposure to the allergen decreases, the intensity of the symptoms decreases.

Symptoms of infectious diseases, the manifestation of which are red spots on the neck, are supplemented by the following manifestations:

• Increased body temperature;
• Headache;
• Weakness;
• Drowsiness;
• Sore throat;
• Signs of poisoning;
• The appearance of spots all over the body;
• Increased sweating, lacrimation.

Autoimmune processes are accompanied by constant weakness of the patient and exacerbation of chronic diseases. Women experience hormonal problems and the menstrual cycle is disrupted. Men lose potency and libido decreases. The skin becomes dry, rough and may peel.

Important! All symptoms that appear require mandatory examination by a specialist. Seemingly harmless rashes can indicate the appearance of lichen, fungal infection - diseases transmitted by contact.

Reasons for appearance

Solar lentigo

As mentioned above, the main reasons for the appearance of age spots on the neck are the influence of ultraviolet B. The enzyme tyrosinase is synthesized in melanosomes, which triggers melanogenesis. The action of many dermatological remedies for age spots is based on the inhibition of this enzyme. Melanin protects the genetic material of the cell from mutations and thereby prevents the occurrence of malignant skin tumors.

Malignant melanoma

An example of benign age spots in the neck area

But this mechanism does not always work. Much more often than you might think, melanocytes with damaged nuclear contents become atypical and acquire malignant properties. This disease is called melanoma. It is in second place for the prevalence of cancer among young women (breast cancer is in first place). Causes of melanoma: atypical moles on exposed areas of the body that are not protected from the sun, genetic predisposition, family history of melanoma, sunburn with blistering, large congenital nevi.

The prognosis of the disease is poor, but is not a death sentence if diagnosed and treated early. Melanoma on the extremities has a better prognosis than on the neck, trunk, or head. Melanoma on the scalp has a worse prognosis than on the neck or face. They vary greatly in appearance; neither a single change nor a particular shade of age spots can be diagnostic in itself.

Examine the pigmentation under a magnifying glass. If one half of it is not similar to the other (asymmetry), the borders are jagged or elongated in the form of a “false leg” (random outline), has a different shade (color variations), the length along the longest axis is more than 6 mm, then you should immediately contact qualified help.

Acanthosis nigricans

This is the appearance of velvety brown blurred pigment spots in combination with thickening of the flexural surface of the skin on the neck, armpits, under the knees, and in the genital area. The reasons are related to hormonal imbalances. Most often associated with diabetes and obesity. May occur when taking nicotinic acid, estrogens, or have hidden malignancy. The skin with this disease has a “dirty” appearance that does not disappear when washed. It is asymptomatic and does not have sufficiently effective treatment.

Diagnostics

How to treat brown spots on the neck? If such manifestations appear on the skin, it is recommended to visit two specialists. First of all, he is a dermatologist. You should also see an endocrinologist. The fact is that skin ailments can be associated with hormonal imbalances in the body. In addition, pathological disorders of the stomach can lead to various skin lesions. If this organ does not function correctly, then after a certain time some irritation in the form of a rash or spots will appear on the dermis.

When a person goes to a medical facility, he will be given an examination. Diagnosis of the patient consists of examination and testing. Additional examination of human internal organs using special devices and devices may also be necessary.

After obtaining the necessary information about the patient’s condition, he is diagnosed. Next, treatment is prescribed taking into account the individual characteristics of the human body.

Principles of treatment

Pigment spots in the neck area that appeared after heavy tanning

Oncologists treat melanoma. A biopsy is performed with auxiliary treatment with high doses of interferon. Acanthosis nigricans is difficult to treat; lactic acid preparations are used, but therapy for the endocrine disease remains in the foreground.

As for solar lentigo on the neck, a wide arsenal of both professional remedies and folk methods for getting rid of age spots will allow you to choose the one that is right for you. Let's briefly consider their pros and cons.

Folk recipes

An inexpensive, but weakly effective method that requires long-term and systematic use is based on the action on the surface layers of the skin of alpha hydroxy acids and bioflavonoids, which are contained in acidic fruits and berries (citrus fruits, pomegranate, parsley, bearberry, viburnum, rowan, etc.) . Fermented milk products have a brightening effect. A more radical, but also risky method of home whitening is the use of hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, activated carbon, and bodyagi. Pros: cheap, no need to go anywhere, natural ingredients moisturize and tone the skin. Cons: even with prolonged use, it is possible to only slightly lighten age spots.

Medical cosmetics

A more expensive, but also more effective way to get rid of age spots. Cosmetics contain substances with different mechanisms of action. Hydroquinone, tretinoin and arbutin are inhibitors of tyrosinase, an enzyme that stimulates melanogenesis. Salicylic, azelaic, ascorbic, and glycolic acids have an exfoliating effect and increase the degree of penetration of pigment-destroying agents into melanocytes. The method is effective against not too dark and widespread stains; the first results should be expected after 2-3 months of regular use.

Hardware cosmetology

The modern and most effective way to say goodbye to age spots forever. Laser, bipolar current, photorejuvenation procedures, ultrasound and chemical peeling - a cosmetologist will be able to choose the method that suits you. Expensive, effective and painless. Suitable for combating not only pigment spots, but also spider veins and facial wrinkles.

Treatment of pigmentation

How to remove dark spots under armpits? First of all, you need to pay attention to your lifestyle. Proper nutrition, enough sleep, an active lifestyle, a calm environment at home and at work reduce the risk of age spots to a minimum.

But if the disease cannot be avoided, then medications will come to the rescue. Zinc and sulfur ointments have proven themselves well.

The following methods are suitable for the treatment of pigmented blemishes:

• Chemical peeling. Removes dead epidermal cells and is suitable only in advanced cases, as it leaves scars on the skin.
• Introduction of drugs by vacuum. A gentle method of combating the disease. Allows you to remove pigmentation at a deep level.
• Mesotherapy. Injection method of treatment. In addition to removing blemishes, it refreshes and heals the skin.

It is better not to resort to traditional medicine, as they can often be aggressive.

Traditional methods

Here's what a specialist from the Institute of Cosmetology says about this:

If we talk about folk remedies, there is no confidence in them. Lemon juice, kefir... Perhaps if you use them constantly and for a long time, there will be some effect. But it is much more likely that lemon juice or peroxide will burn the skin. And instead of bleaching, you will receive even more intense hyperpigmentation.

Only a dermatologist will tell you how to treat pigmentation after conducting appropriate research.

Prevention

In order not to rack your brains later on how to remove age spots, take care of their prevention. Train yourself to always use sunscreen cosmetics, do not overuse the solarium, and do not sunbathe during high sun activity. Many women have paid dearly for their morbid addiction to the chocolate skin tone fashion. Visit a dermatovenerologist at least once every few years. If you notice any changes in moles or age spots, do so immediately.

This is the appearance of velvety brown blurred pigment spots in combination with thickening of the flexural surface of the skin on the neck, armpits, under the knees, and in the genital area. The reasons are related to hormonal imbalances. Most often associated with diabetes and obesity. May occur when taking nicotinic acid, estrogens, or have hidden malignancy. The skin with this disease has a “dirty” appearance that does not disappear when washed. It is asymptomatic and does not have sufficiently effective treatment.

About the author: kosmetologclear

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Treatment for dark spots

Hyperpigmentation should only be treated by a doctor. Many people make attempts to get rid of stains on their own before visiting a specialist. This is prohibited, as it can trigger the degeneration of a mole or any other pigmentation into a malignant neoplasm.

The method of eliminating the problem depends on the type of pigment spot. If it does not pose a threat to humans, cosmetic procedures are used that can completely eliminate the defect.

If during diagnosis it turns out that the spot is malignant, surgery is performed to remove it. You need to act immediately. Chemotherapy is used after surgery. It is worth noting that skin cancers develop quickly and are difficult to treat.

The prognosis is favorable only if the necessary actions are taken at an early stage.

Use of medications

Pharmaceutical drugs are used if hyperpigmentation is associated with dermatological diseases. First of all, you will need to get rid of the root cause of the stains. Antifungal ointments and tablets are used to treat fungal diseases.

In addition, there are medications that will reduce the severity of spots, regardless of the reason for their appearance:

1. multicomponent vitamin complex;
2. Folic acid;
3. Ascorutin.

By supplying the body with the necessary vitamins and macroelements, the appearance of hyperpigmentation is prevented.

You can use tablets that affect melanin production only after a doctor’s prescription. Only a qualified specialist can select a specific medication treatment regimen. Before this, you need to get an accurate diagnosis.

Cosmetological methods of struggle

Mesotherapy procedure to improve facial skin

For topical use, agents that inhibit the action of tyrosinase can be used. Peels with salicylic or alpha hydroxyl acid. Professional procedures can also be performed in a beauty salon.

Diagnostic methods

Comparative characteristics of an ordinary mole and melanoma - skin cancer

To determine the nature and type of age spots, you can contact the following specialists:

• therapist;
• dermatologist;
• oncologist;
• endocrinologist;
• gynecologist (in the presence of female diseases that act as a trigger for the appearance of pigmentation).

To determine the type of spots, laboratory diagnostics are prescribed, for example, blood tests (general, biochemical, hormones, etc.) and a biopsy.

The condition of the thyroid gland, female genital and other organs can be examined using ultrasound and X-ray examinations, CT and MRI.